Easy Linux

What are Endpoints?  The mechanisms used for USB communication are data buffers called Endpoints and used for data transfers. Endpoints are unidirectional which means it can carry data into only one direction(except control endpoint), either from the host to device and vice versa  In USB terminology, the direction of an endpoint ( and transfers to or from them) is based on the host. Thus, IN always refers to transfers to the host from a device and OUT always refers to transfers from the host to a device. USB devices can also support bi-directional transfers of control data  Endpoint 0 is reserved in every devices for control purposes and used in enumeration process to get information of device, configuration, interface and endpoint descriptors Following are four types of USB Endpoints:  CONTROL INTERRUPT BULK  ISOCHRONOUS  CONTROL  Small in size  Used to allow access different parts of the USB ...

The probe function is called when a device is installed that the USB core thinks this driver should handle; the probe function should perform checks on the information passed to it about the device and decide whether the driver is really appropriate for that device. In the probe function callback, the USB driver should initialize any local structures that it might use to manage the USB device. It should also save any information that it needs about the device to the local structure, as it is usually easier to do so at this time. As an example, USB drivers usually want to detect what the endpoint address and buffer sizes are for the device, as they are needed in order to communicate with the device.  The probe function has following prototype, static int test_probe(struct usb_interface *interface, const struct usb_device_id *id) Typical flow of detecting the endpoints' information, driver: loops over every endpoint that is present in provided interface...

What is USB device enumeration? USB device enumeration is the process of detecting, identifying and loading drivers for USB device.  USB host controller queries the device in order to decide what type of device it is in order to attempt to assign an appropriate driver for it.  Some of the basic commands issued by the host to the device are: Set Address – Instructs the device change it’s current address settings Get Device Descriptor – Overall information about the device (manufacture, firmware version …) Get Configuration Descriptor – How the endpoints will be used Get Interface Descriptor – Various different interface that the device may use Get String Descriptor – Unicode strings for Manufacture and Product This process is a crucial for every USB device and without it the device would never be able to be used by the OS. We will go step by step to understand the whole process. Detection of device As you may know that USB interface has...

What is GDB? GDB stands for G NU project D e B ugger which helps you to debug your binary object file created in compilation process. GDB allows to you see what is happening in your program which really helps much when program crashes, especially when segmentation fault occurs,😅😅 GDB can do four main things: Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior Make your program stop on specified conditions through breakpoints Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped through checking the values of variables etc Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another Those programs might be executing on the same machine as GDB (native), on another machine (remote), or on a simulator. GDB can run on most popular UNIX and Microsoft Windows variants, as well as on Mac OS X. Languages supported by GDB Ada, Assembly, C, C++, D, Fortran, Go, Objective-C, OpenCL, Modula-2, ...

In this post, we will see how to mark a particular cursor position in VIM Editor. This is really helpful while navigating through a file. Set mark a at current cursor location ma m stands for marking and a represents register in which cursor location is stored. It can be any register. Jump to marked cursor location 'a :  jump to line of mark a (first non-blank character in line) ~a :  jump to position (line and column) of mark List all the current marks :marks 

Why use tabs? I would prefer using tab concept because I can use most common operations(Copy, Cut, Paste etc..) among different tabs. Let me elaborate above sentence, Let's say you have opened two files - vim file1 and vim file2 You have copied or yanked something through y key from file1 . Now if you want   to paste(p)  that in file2 , VIM won't allow you to do that in this case because of two different vim sessions or instances but pasting of text can be done if you open these files in two different tabs. This post will describe most commonly used tab operations in VIM Editor. How to open multiples files in different tabs? vim -p file1 file2 Command mode operations :tabnew {file} --- open specified file in a new tab :tabedit {file} --- edit specified file in a new tab :tabclose --- close current tab :tabclose {i}  ---- close i-th tab :tabonly ---- close all other tabs (show only the current tab) :tabs ---- list a...